Mpox Clade 1b Detected: How Rapid Testing with Vivalytic Can Aid in Containment
Mpox Clade 1b Detected: How Rapid Testing with Vivalytic Can Aid in Containment
Mpox Clade 1b Detected: How Rapid Testing with Vivalytic Can Aid in Containment
Mpox, formerly known as Monkeypox, is a viral infection that has seen significant global attention due to recent outbreaks. As of August 2024, the UK has reported a total of 4,018 confirmed and highly probable mpox cases since May 2022 (1).
In October, the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) reported its first case of Clade 1b Mpox (2)—a more severe strain that has been spreading in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and other parts of Africa, prompting the World Health Organisation to declare it a public health emergency of international concern in August 2024 (3). This detection has led UKHSA to initiate contact tracing and monitor for potential further spread. Although the public risk is currently low, quick identification and containment remain vital for managing any risks associated with this High Consequence Infectious Disease (HCID).
According to a report on Mpox diagnostic testing published by the UKHSA, PCR testing remains the gold standard for Mpox detection, offering unmatched sensitivity and specificity essential for accurate diagnosis and effective containment (4). At Randox, with a strong commitment to public health and diagnostic innovation, we offer the Vivalytic MPXV Rapid Test to support healthcare professionals in identifying cases quickly and accurately, helping to strengthen containment efforts.
Understanding Mpox Clade 1b and Its Implications
Clade 1b of the mpox virus is part of the High Consequence Infectious Disease (HCID) category due to its higher transmission potential and more severe symptom profile compared to other strains. With a broad incubation period ranging from 5 days to 3 weeks (5), symptoms include:
• Skin rashes that progress to blisters or ulcers
• Fever, headaches, and muscle aches
• Swollen lymph nodes
• In severe cases, respiratory issues or widespread skin lesions
o Mpox infection is often self-limiting and usually lasts 2 to 4 weeks (5).
The transmission of mpox occurs through close contact with infectious lesions, bodily fluids, or contaminated materials. This can include skin-to-skin contact during sexual or intimate contact, as well as sharing items like bedding, towels, or clothing. Mpox infection is often self-limiting and usually lasts 2 to 4 weeks (5) and has a mortality rate estimated to be between 1% and 11% (6). Clade 1b’s recent spread outside of endemic regions, including cases in Germany, Sweden, and India (7) signals the need for proactive diagnostic and containment strategies.
Enter Vivalytic
The Vivalytic MPXV Rapid Test provides healthcare professionals with a comprehensive tool for detecting both Clade I (HCID, including Clade 1b) and Clade II of the Mpox Virus, as well as other Orthopoxvirus species. Its rapid and reliable performance is particularly valuable in high-stakes scenarios, where early detection can help prevent further spread. Key features include.
Features of the Vivalytic MPXV Panel
- Quick Results: Results in just 45 minutes allow for timely decision-making.
- Comprehensive Detection: This test identifies both Clade I (HCID, including Clade 1b) and Clade II of the Mpox Virus, as well as other Orthopoxvirus species such as cowpox and vaccinia virus.
- Minimal Sample Requirement: Only 300 µL needed, reducing sample handling and maintaining accuracy.
- Intuitive Workflow: The compact Vivalytic streamlines the entire molecular workflow through a 4-step process—scanning, inputting, adding the sample to the cartridge, and receiving results on the touchscreen display, all at the point of care.
| Detectable Pathogens | |
|---|---|
| Monkeypox Virus (Clade I, Clade II) | Non-variola Orthopoxvirus species (Coqpox Virus, Ectromelia Virus, Monkeypox Virus, Taterapox Virus, Vaccinia Virus) |
Supporting Public Health Responses with Randox
As part of our commitment to public health, Randox provides high-quality diagnostic tools designed to address infectious diseases like mpox. The Vivalytic MPXV Rapid Test supports rapid detection and strengthens the healthcare system’s ability to respond to emerging infectious threats. With the first UK case of Clade 1b now identified, rapid testing and response are essential components in the continued effort to protect public health.
Learn more about the Vivalytic, with one of the largest test menus on the market and how it can support your testing needs this winter here: Vivalytic | Point of Care | Randox Laboratories
Contact marketing@randox.com for more information
References
- UK (2024). Mpox (Mpox) outbreak: epidemiological overview, 8 August 2024. [online] GOV.UK. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/Mpox-outbreak-epidemiological-overview/mpox-Mpox-outbreak-epidemiological-overview-8-august-2024.
- Thomas, R. (2024). First case of new potentially deadly mpox strain Clade 1b detected in UK. [online] The Independent. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/mpox-uk-clade-1b-monkeypox-b2638777.html [Accessed 6 Nov. 2024].
- World health Organisation (WHO). (2024). Mpox outbreak. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/mpox-outbreak.
- UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) (2024). Mpox (monkeypox): diagnostic testing. [online] GOV.UK. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/monkeypox-diagnostic-testing#sampling-for-diagnostic-testing.
- Guarner, J., del Rio, C. and Malani, P.N. (2022). Monkeypox in 2022—What Clinicians Need to Know. JAMA, [online] 328(2). doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.10802.
- CDC (2024). Mpox. [online] Mpox. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/mpox/travel/index.html [Accessed 6 Nov. 2024].
- Reed, J. (2024). New mpox strain spreads to household contacts in the UK. BBC News. [online] 4 Nov. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cx27q0y6rl9o.
Fight Flu Season with Vivalytic
Fight Flu Season with Vivalytic!
As we enter the Winter 2024/25 flu season, healthcare providers and patients face the co-circulation of influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2. This combination of respiratory pathogens presents unique challenges, particularly for vulnerable groups, and highlights the critical need for rapid, accurate diagnostics. Vaccination among frontline healthcare workers remains essential to reduce transmission, protect high-risk patients, and prevent staff shortages in healthcare facilities.
The Seasonal Threat of Respiratory Infections
Every year, influenza outbreaks affect millions globally, especially during winter. In England, 2023/2024 saw 2,776 flu-related deaths, highlighting the burden on healthcare systems. Vulnerable groups, including older adults, pregnant women, and those with chronic conditions, face heightened risks of severe outcomes like pneumonia or ICU admissions.
Pamela Rendi-Wagner, Director of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, stressed that “vaccination is one of the most effective measures to protect vulnerable populations from severe disease, hospitalisation, and death.” Recent data shows significant variability in flu vaccination rates among older adults, ranging from 12% to 78% across Europe, with only two countries exceeding 75% coverage.
Vaccination remains the cornerstone of flu prevention for high-risk groups like the elderly, immunocompromised, and healthcare workers. However, diagnostic testing plays an equally vital role this flu season. Rapid and accurate testing prevents unnecessary hospitalisations, reduces severe outcomes in vulnerable populations, and ensures effective use of healthcare resources.
Enter Vivalytic
Accurate and rapid diagnosis is essential for effective treatment and control of respiratory infections, especially during flu season. By identifying the specific pathogen, healthcare providers can tailor treatment plans, combat anti-microbial resistance, reduce the spread within communities, and alleviate pressure on healthcare systems.
Enter Vivalytic; and with it the SARS, Flu A/B, and RSV Panel, offering an all-in-one solution for simultaneous testing of key respiratory pathogens. This panel ensures that healthcare professionals can diagnose and differentiate between influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 swiftly, providing crucial information to guide patient management.
Features of the Vivalytic SARS, Flu A/B and RSV Panel
- All-in-One Solution: Multi-pathogen testing with a single cartridge, eliminating the need for complex manual preparation.
- Rapid Results: With a turnaround time of just 53 minutes, the Vivalytic Flu panel enables swift decision-making, crucial in time-sensitive cases from a single nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swab sample.
- User-Friendly Design: An intuitive touchscreen interface requires minimal training, making it ideal for use in a variety of healthcare settings, including those with non-specialist operators.
| Detectable Pathogens |
|---|
| SARS-CoV-2 (E gene & N gene) |
| Influenza A and Influenza B |
| Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus |
Meeting the Challenges of the 2024/2025 Flu Season
As flu season progresses, the need for efficient and reliable diagnostics becomes ever more apparent. Fight Flu Season with Vivalytic, the SARS, Flu A/B, and RSV Panel is not only a valuable tool for diagnosing individual cases but also plays a critical role in protecting public health by enabling rapid response and management of outbreaks.
Learn more about the Vivalytic, with one of the largest test menus on the market and how it can support your testing needs this winter here: Vivalytic | Point of Care | Randox Laboratories
Contact marketing@randox.com for more information
Combatting AMR with Rapid UTI Diagnostics
Antimicrobial Resistance Awareness Week: Combatting AMR with Rapid UTI Diagnostics
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) poses one of the most critical health challenges of our time. Indeed, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has identified AMR as one of the top 10 global health threats (1). Furthermore, in the UK, AMR is recognised on the National Risk Register (2), reflecting the severity of the issue at both national and international levels. With AMR-related deaths reaching 4.95 million globally in 2019 (1), including 1.27 million directly attributed to resistant infections (1), urgent and coordinated action is required to preserve the efficacy of existing antimicrobials.
As part of Antimicrobial Resistance Awareness Week (18–24 November), we are focusing on the critical role of rapid diagnostics in combating AMR. Specifically, we are introducing the Randox Vivalytic UTI Rapid Test as a valuable tool in this global effort. By enabling faster and more accurate detection of infections, this innovative diagnostic technology supports the targeted use of antibiotics, thereby helping to reduce unnecessary prescriptions and mitigate the spread of resistance.
Understanding AMR: The Need for Effective Screening and Targeted Treatment
AMR develops when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolve to resist the effects of antimicrobial medicines. While this resistance occurs naturally, it is significantly accelerated by factors such as the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, poor infection control, and the slow pace of new antimicrobial drug development. Consequently, the implications of AMR extend far beyond infection treatment: surgeries, cancer therapies, and routine medical procedures also rely heavily on effective antimicrobials to prevent infections. Therefore, this underscores the pressing need to manage resistance effectively and proactively.
For instance, routine treatments for UTIs heavily depend on antibiotics. UTIs are among the most common bacterial infections, particularly affecting women, with over 50% experiencing a UTI at least once in their lives (3). However, with resistance levels increasing, it becomes crucial to avoid unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions. Additionally, when antibiotics are prescribed, they must be carefully targeted to maximise efficacy and minimise resistance development. In this context, rapid diagnostics play a pivotal role by enabling precise and timely identification of infections, which ensures that treatments are both effective and appropriate.
Introducing the Vivalytic UTI Rapid Test
The Randox Vivalytic UTI Rapid Test offers a cutting-edge solution for the efficient screening and diagnosis of UTIs. Unlike traditional culture methods—which, according to a recent study, take an average of 2.75 days to yield results (4)—the Vivalytic UTI Rapid Test is a cartridge-based PCR test specifically designed for in-clinic use, delivering results in just 2.5 hours. This rapid turnaround is transformative in the management of UTIs, where timely diagnosis is crucial to preventing the progression of infections. Moreover, it helps to minimise unnecessary antibiotic use by ensuring treatment is both prompt and precisely targeted, ultimately supporting the fight against antimicrobial resistance.
Key Features of the Vivalytic UTI Rapid Test:
- Comprehensive Detection: The Vivalytic UTI Rapid Test identifies 16 uropathogens, encompassing both gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial species, in just 150 minutes—significantly faster than traditional culture methods.
- AMR Gene Identification: This advanced test also detects 7 antimicrobial resistance genes, including those conferring resistance to methicillin (mecA) and vancomycin (vanA and vanB), as well as genes associated with trimethoprim resistance (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA12, dfrA17). This capability supports targeted treatment decisions and helps in combating antimicrobial resistance.
- Wide Application: Designed for versatility, the test is suitable for various healthcare settings, from GP practices to hospitals. It facilitates UTI diagnosis across diverse use cases, including catheter-associated UTIs and pre-surgical screenings for patients with conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or renal stones.
Additionally, a recent study demonstrated that the Vivalytic UTI Rapid Test achieved diagnostic accuracy exceeding 90% for 16 bacterial species, providing a reliable and efficient solution for rapid pathogen identification in UTI cases (4).
The Role of Rapid Diagnostics in Combating AMR
Rapid diagnostic tests, such as the Vivalytic UTI Rapid Test, play a critical role in addressing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and improving patient care through the following:
- Reducing Misuse of Antibiotics: By rapidly identifying the specific bacteria responsible for the infection and detecting resistance genes, clinicians can prescribe antibiotics only when necessary. This targeted approach ensures that the most effective treatment is selected, helping to combat antibiotic misuse.
- Supporting Antimicrobial Stewardship: Point-of-care testing directly supports the goals outlined in the UK’s AMR 5-Year National Action Plan, which aims to reduce antibiotic consumption by 5% and ensure that 70% of antibiotics are sourced from safer, first-line options (5). Rapid tests enable optimised antibiotic usage, contributing to these national targets and the broader fight against AMR.
- Enhancing Patient Outcomes: Faster and more accurate diagnostics at the point of care enable timely and targeted treatment, reducing the risk of complications such as severe UTI-related kidney infections. Furthermore, a study on the Vivalytic UTI Rapid Test demonstrated that pathogen detection rates were slightly higher when tests were conducted immediately on-site, underscoring the importance of rapid diagnostics in delivering better patient outcomes (4).
AMR and the Future of Healthcare
The rise in AMR jeopardises the future of modern medicine. An estimated 10 million lives could be lost per year by 2050 (6), according to a review commissioned by the UK Prime Minister. Without effective diagnostics and treatments, procedures such as hip replacements, caesarean sections, and cancer therapies could become significantly more dangerous. This is due to the heightened risk of untreatable infections (1). Addressing this escalating threat requires innovation, education, and unwavering commitment.
AMR also imposes immense economic consequences. The World Bank projects that by 2050, AMR could add an extra US$1 trillion to global healthcare costs. It may also cause annual GDP losses ranging from US$1 trillion to US$3.4 trillion as early as 2030 (7). These economic burdens highlight the urgent need for global action.
Addressing AMR is crucial to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) outlined by the United Nations (UN). Progress in areas such as access to clean water, sustainable food production, and responsible antimicrobial use is vital in mitigating AMR. However, rising levels of AMR exacerbate challenges related to health, poverty reduction, food security, and economic growth (8). Coordinated efforts across multiple sectors are essential to tackle this complex issue effectively.
Randox is proud to lead the charge in the fight against antimicrobial resistance (AMR), equipping healthcare professionals with innovative tools such as the Vivalytic UTI Rapid Test. By enabling timely and accurate diagnoses, we contribute to preserving the efficacy of antimicrobials and safeguarding their availability for future generations.
This Antimicrobial Resistance Awareness Week, join us in highlighting the critical importance of AMR management and the transformative role of rapid diagnostics in creating a safer, healthier future for all.
Learn more about the urgency of AMR on the WHO website: Antimicrobial resistance.
For further details about the Vivalytic UTI Rapid Test, visit Vivalytic | UTI Rapid Test | Randox Laboratories or reach out to us at marketing@randox.com.
References
- World Health Organization (2023). Antimicrobial resistance. [online] World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance.
- HM Government (2023). National Risk Register 2023 Edition. [online] Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/64ca1dfe19f5622669f3c1b1/2023_NATIONAL_RISK_REGISTER_NRR.pdf.
- Bono MJ, Reygaert WC. Urinary Tract Infection. Nih.gov. Published 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470195/
- Hartmann, J., Fritzenwanker, M., Imirzalioglu, C., Hain, T., Arneth, B.M., and Wagenlehner, F.M.E., 2024. Point-of-care Testing in Complicated Urinary Tract Infection: Evaluation of the Vivalytic One Urinary Tract Infection Analyser for Detecting Uropathogenic Bacteria and Antimicrobial Resistance in Urine Samples of Urological Patients in a Point-of-care Setting. European Urology Focus. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2024.09.018
- Department of Health and Social Care (2024). UK 5-year action plan for antimicrobial resistance 2024 to 2029. [online] GOV.UK. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-5-year-action-plan-for-antimicrobial-resistance-2024-to-2029.
- O’Neill, J. (2016). Tackling Drug-resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations. Archives of Pharmacy Practice, 7(3), p.110. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/2045-080x.186181.
- World Bank (2017). Drug-Resistant Infections: A Threat to Our Economic Future. [online] World Bank. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/health/publication/drug-resistant-infections-a-threat-to-our-economic-future.
- World Health Organization (WHO) (2021). Antimicrobial resistance and the United Nations sustainable development cooperation framework: guidance for United Nations country teams. [online] www.who.int. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240036024.
Acusera 24Ā·7 and Data Innovations – Automated QC Data Upload
Automated QC Data Upload to Acusera 24·7
Now Available via Instrument Manager™ from Data Innovations
Randox Laboratories in conjunction with Data Innovations are pleased to announce the launch of a new driver that enables seamless, automated QC data upload via API from any instrument connected to Instrument Manager (IM) directly into Acusera 24.7. This new feature eliminates the need for manual data entry, reduces transcription errors and improves laboratory efficiency.
What you need to know
Uni-Directional License – Anyone wishing to avail of automated QC data upload to Acusera 24.7 will need a uni-directional license for Instrument Manager. A new license can be requested directly from a Data Innovations representative, or an existing license previously used for an analyser may be re-purposed.
Driver Download – Once a license has been secured, you will be required to download the Acusera 24.7 Driver from the MY DI Community website – https://datainnovations.my.site.com/s/drivers. To locate the driver simply select Randox from the Manufacturer drop down menu and then select Acusera 24.7 from the list of available drivers.
Configuration – Once the driver has been downloaded, you will receive help files that document the process to be followed. The same steps are to be followed as with connecting any instrument or analyser to Instrument Manager.
Once the driver has been successfully set up, Instrument Manager will automatically send QC data to Acusera 24.7, removing the need for manual data entry.
Key Considerations
- You must have have an Acusera 24.7 license and configured your Acusera 24.7 account before connecting to Instrument manager.
This new capability allows laboratories to optimise workflows, reduce errors, and streamline QC data management.
About Data Innovations
Data Innovations is a global software company that is passionate about excellence in patient care. Through innovative solutions and world-class service, they enable enterprise management of hospitals and independent laboratories. Founded in 1989 with headquarters in Vermont, Data Innovations serves more than 6,000 hospitals and laboratories in 80+ countries.
What is Instrument Manager?
Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS) by Data Innovations LLC
Instrument Manager™ (IM) is a truly vendor-neutral middleware platform that allows for the connection of any clinical lab instrument to any Lab Information System (LIS), with a library of over 1,000 instrument drivers. IM offers a suite of lab enablement solutions spanning productivity, quality, analytics, performance and reliability.
Labs using IM auto verification with time-saving workflows are able to achieve quicker turnaround times and increased productivity. IM quality assurance programs ensure that all connected instruments deliver the most accurate possible test results.
Candida auris: An Urgent Fungal Threat
An Urgent Fungal Threat: Tackling Candida auris in Healthcare Environments
Candida auris (C. auris), is an emerging fungal threat that has garnered global attention due to its multidrug-resistant nature and ability to cause severe, life-threatening infections. First identified in 2009, C. auris has quickly spread worldwide, particularly in healthcare settings, posing a significant challenge to both clinicians and public health professionals.
Understanding Candida auris
Candida auris is a yeast-like fungus that can lead to severe infections, especially in patients with compromised immune systems or underlying health conditions. It is frequently found in healthcare environments such as hospitals and long-term care facilities. The most concerning aspect of C. auris is its ability to persist on surfaces, increasing the risk of outbreaks in these environments. Once introduced into a healthcare setting, it can rapidly spread from one patient to another, making infection control a significant challenge.
In Illinois alone, 921 C. auris cases were confirmed between 2016 and 2022 (1). Additionally, in 2022, 2377 cases of C. auris were reported to the CDC (2), further highlighting the increase in cases each year. In Europe, survey responses were received from all 30 invited EU/EEA countries. From 2013 to 2021, a total of 1,812 Candida auris cases were reported by 15 of these countries. The number of cases nearly doubled from 335 in 2020 to 655 in 2021, indicating a significant increase compared to previous years (3).
C. auris primarily causes bloodstream infections, but it can also infect wounds, the respiratory tract, and the ear. Patients in critical care, especially those using invasive medical devices such as ventilators, catheters, or feeding tubes, are particularly susceptible. In fact, data indicates that more than one in three people with an invasive C. auris infection affecting the blood, heart, or brain, do not survive (1).
The Growing Threat of Multidrug Resistance
One of the major concerns surrounding C. auris is its resistance to multiple classes of antifungal medications, which are typically used to treat Candida infections. This multidrug resistance often leads to treatment failure and poor outcomes in affected patients. In addition to its drug resistance, Candida auris is often misidentified as other Candida species using standard laboratory methods, further delaying appropriate treatment.
The Importance of Rapid and Accurate Detection
Given the risks posed by Candida auris, rapid detection is crucial for preventing the spread of this dangerous fungus. Early identification allows healthcare professionals to implement strict infection control measures such as isolating patients, cleaning and disinfecting affected areas, and preventing further transmission within healthcare facilities. However, traditional detection methods may be slow and prone to misidentification, making timely response difficult.
Enter Vivalytic
The early identification and containment of Candida auris are essential to prevent large-scale outbreaks. This is especially important in healthcare environments where patients may be vulnerable. The Vivalytic’s rapid detection of C. auris colonisation and infection allows for earlier implementation of infection control measures. This reduces the burden on public health systems and helps save lives.
At Randox Laboratories, the focus is on advancing the detection of infectious diseases like Candida auris. The Vivalytic, developed with Bosch, offers a reliable and accurate testing solution. This supports healthcare providers in protecting patients and controlling the spread of the fungus. Real-time PCR technology is used by the Vivalytic Candida auris test to detect DNA from swabs. These swabs may be taken from the axilla, groin, nasal, or rectal regions.
Key Benefits of Vivalytic Testing for Candida auris:
- Quick Results: The Vivalytic provides results in under 1 hour, enabling healthcare providers to make swift, informed decisions about patient care and infection control. This quick turnaround is essential for both treating the patient and containing the spread of Candida auris within a healthcare facility.
- Simple, 4-Step Process: The test uses a convenient 4-step process, from scanning the sample to receiving the results, making it easy to use in both laboratory and non-laboratory settings. The system’s fully automated, cartridge-based platform minimises the risk of contamination and simplifies workflow.
- Accurate Detection: The real-time PCR method used by Vivalytic ensures precise detection of Candida auris, even in cases where traditional methods might misidentify the fungus. This accuracy is vital in initiating appropriate antifungal treatment and curbing the infection.
- Convenient for Various Settings: The Vivalytic platform is designed to be used in a wide range of settings, from large laboratories to point-of-care environments, making it versatile and adaptable to the needs of different healthcare providers.
| Detectable Pathogens |
|---|
| Candida auris |
References
- dph.illinois.gov. (n.d.). Candida auris (C. auris). [online] Available at: https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/infectious-diseases/candida-auris.html.
- CDC (2024). Tracking C. auris. [online] Candida auris (C. auris). Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/candida-auris/tracking-c-auris/index.html.
- Kohlenberg, A., Monnet, D.L. and Plachouras, D. (2022). Increasing number of cases and outbreaks caused by Candida auris in the EU/EEA, 2020 to 2021. Eurosurveillance, 27(46). doi:https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.46.2200846.
Randox Testing Services – Drug and Alcohol Testing
At Randox Testing Services, we provide reliable and cost-effective drug and alcohol testing solutions for a wide range of industries. Sectors we work with include aviation, maritime, manufacturing, and more. Additionally, our Collection Officer Network operates 24 hours a day, 365 days of the year with a target call-out time of 2 hours. With over 40 years of experience in the diagnostics industry, our services not only ensure safety but also compliance in workplaces across the UK and Ireland.
We understand that every industry has unique needs, which is why we craft customised testing packages to meet specific workplace requirements. Whether it’s random testing to deter substance abuse or post-incident testing following an accident, we offer flexible solutions that cater to your business’s safety priorities. Furthermore, our expertise is trusted by industries ranging from safety-critical sectors to the medico-legal field such as family law, ensuring that our clients receive accurate, reliable, and legally defensible results.
- Pre-Employment Testing: Essential for ensuring candidate suitability and maintaining a safe environment for your current workforce.
- Random Testing: A highly effective deterrent for substance abuse, as employees are aware they could be tested at any time, ensuring integrity across all levels of the organisation.
- With-Cause Testing: Conducted when there is suspicion or allegations of drug or alcohol abuse in the workplace, or when drugs and alcohol have been found.
- Post-Incident Testing: Occurs after an accident or incident to determine if drugs or alcohol played a role.
- Abstinence Testing: Used to monitor employees who previously tested positive to ensure they remain abstinent from substance misuse.
We utilise discreet and non-invasive methods for sample collection, offering options such as urine, hair, oral fluid, breath or a combination of these. This enables both short-term and long-term drug profiling. Moreover, our testing methods are designed to suit your organisation’s needs and ensure accuracy and reliability in detecting drug and alcohol use. Each sample is handled following strict chain of custody procedures to guarantee sample integrity from collection to reporting.
We follow a thorough and professional process to deliver tailored drug and alcohol testing solutions:
-
- Consultation: We start with a free consultation to discuss your requirements and create a customised testing package.
- Policy Creation: We help develop a clear and concise workplace drug and alcohol policy that outlines employer rights while protecting employees.
- Policy Implementation: Our training and educational services help you effectively communicate the policy to your team.
- Sample Collection: Our trained officers collect samples at a time and location that suits you, maintaining sample integrity throughout the process.
- Sample Analysis: Using our advanced Biochip Array Technology, we screen samples for a wide range of substances, ensuring reliable and accurate results.
- Results Reporting: Results are delivered confidentially via our secure web portal, with options for alternative methods if preferred.
We test for a wide range of drugs across different panels using both instant testing kits and lab-based confirmatory analysis. This flexibility allows us to meet the diverse needs of our clients, ensuring all substances of concern are covered. Substances include:
| Substances Tested | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Amphetamine | Phencyclidine | Alcohol | LSD |
| Buprenorphine | Cannabinoids | Barbiturates | Opioids |
| Benzodiazepine | Oxycodone | Benzodiazepine 1 | Mephedrone |
| Cocaine Metabolite | Tramadol | Benzodiazepine 2 | Pregabalin |
| Methadone | EDDP | Methaqualone | Gabapentin |
| Methamphetamine | Ketamine | Fentanyl | Zolpidem |
| Opiates | MDMA/Ecstasy | Propoxyphene | Zopiclone |
- Expertise across various industries, including workplace and medico-legal
- Accurate and reliable testing methods
- Global network of trained sample collection officers
- Customised training and education seminars
- Free policy review and consultation
Randox Testing Services is committed to helping businesses enhance workplace safety, reduce absenteeism, and ensure compliance with drug and alcohol regulations. Contact us today at testingservices@randox.com or call +44 (0) 28 9445 1011 to speak with one of our experts.
Understanding Xanthochromia
Understanding Xanthochromia
When faced with a potential subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), the tools we use to diagnose can quite literally be life-saving. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis plays a pivotal role, especially when common diagnostic tools like Computed Tomography (CT) scans might not catch early signs.
Traditionally, xanthochromia detection relied on visual assessment – a method that suffers from inconsistency due to subjective interpretation and lacks uniformity across the industry. Today, spectrophotometry has emerged as the preferred method for its precision and reliability in detecting xanthochromia. To ensure the highest accuracy, this technique requires stringent quality control measures. Here, we discuss xanthochromia and SAH, before introducing our dedicated Xanthochromia true third-party control.
What is Xanthochromia?
Xanthochromia, derived from the Greek word, ‘xanthos,’ meaning yellow, refers to the yellow, or sometimes pink, discolouration of CSF, primarily due to bilirubin, a by-product of haemoglobin breakdown. Why does this matter? Because it’s a tell-tale sign of bleeding within the brain, often indicating SAH when CT scans don’t. Understanding this can help us catch and treat critical conditions before they worsen. Xanthochromia may also be an indicator of intracerebral haemorrhage, brain tumours, infection, or severe systemic jaundice1.
Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
SAH is a spontaneous intracranial bleed characterised by significant mortality and morbidity rates. Approximately 12% of patients die before receiving medical attention, 33% within 48 hours, and 50% within 30 days of an SAH. Among the survivors, half suffer from permanent disabilities, with an estimated lifetime cost more than double that of an ischemic stroke2. Patients which have displayed symptoms often complain of severe headache, nausea, vomiting, photophobia and/or phonophobia3.
CT scans, particularly non-contrasted CTs of the brain or CT angiograms (CTAs), are often the first line of diagnostic tools for suspected SAH. However, up to 5% of SAH cases may not show any signs of haemorrhage on these scans within the first 24 hours, with this figure rising to 50% by the end of the first week and remaining around 30% by the second week4.
In contrast, xanthochromia in the CSF can be detected as early as two hours after a bleed and is observed in over 90% of patients within 12 hours of an SAH event. This detection can persist for up to three to four weeks, offering a critical diagnostic window that imaging alone might miss. The conversion from haem to bilirubin in CSF takes roughly 6 to 12 hours, suggesting that xanthochromia is most reliably identified between 6- and 12-hours post-bleed. More than 75% of patients may still present with xanthochromia at 21 days following an SAH1.
Pathophysiology explained
A ruptured cerebral aneurysm will begin to leak blood into the CSF. This blood is gradually degraded by macrophages to yield various by-products including oxyhaemoglobin, which is subsequently converted to bilirubin in a process lasting between 6 and 12 hours1. Crucially, this conversion to bilirubin can only occur in vivo, providing a unique marker for diagnosing subarachnoid haemorrhage when observed in the CSF1.
The Importance of Accurate Detection
In many parts of the world, including the US, visual detection remains a common initial test for xanthochromia in CSF.
- Procedure: Spinning a CSF sample in a centrifuge and comparing the supernatant against a vial of water, held against a white backdrop to detect a yellow or pink tint.
- Indication: A change in colour indicates that blood has been present in the spinal fluid for at least two hours, with all patients showing signs by 12 hours post-bleed1.
However, this method is prone to false positives due to:
- Dietary influences: High intake of carotenoids (like carrots and spinach).
- Medication: Use of Rifampin.
- Medical conditions: Clinical jaundice or high protein levels in CSF, which can be seen in conditions like carcinomatosis and meningitis1.
Spectrophotometry
Spectrophotometry offers a more precise alternative by measuring light absorption in materials at specific wavelengths:
- It can detect the presence of bilirubin, which absorbs light at 440 to 460 nm, a definitive indicator of xanthochromia.
- Advantages over visual detection: This method eliminates the interference from other pigments or proteins and can distinguish bilirubin from oxyhaemoglobin, crucial for accurate diagnosis.
Quality control is crucial in spectrophotometry to ensure the accuracy and reliability of xanthochromia tests:
- Regular Maintenance: Routine checks and maintenance of the spectrophotometer are fundamental to its operation. This helps in maintaining the instrument’s precision in measuring light absorption at specific wavelengths crucial for detecting bilirubin in CSF.
- Calibration: Calibrating the spectrophotometer with known standards is essential. This process adjusts the instrument to measure the absorption accurately, particularly vital given bilirubin’s narrow detection window between 440 and 460 nm.
Implementing these stringent QC measures enhances the diagnostic precision of spectrophotometry, boosting confidence in the results. Such practices ensure that patients are diagnosed accurately and receive timely, appropriate treatment, solidifying the value of advanced diagnostic techniques in medical settings.
Introducing Randox Xanthochromia Controls
Diagnosing SAH swiftly and precisely is critical due to its significant immediate and long-term impacts. To aid precise detection, our Liquid Frozen Xanthochromia Positive & Negative Controls are essential tools for laboratories conducting CSF analysis. Here’s what makes them stand out:
- Dedicated Xanthochromia true third-party control with only 2 analytes for limited cross-reactivity – Bilirubin & Oxyhaemoglobin
- 2-day open vial stability at 2° to 8°C and a 11-week shelf life from date of manufacture when stored at -18ºC to -24ºC.
- Liquid frozen control provides suitable matrix in an easy-to-use format.
- Consistent, clinically significant values.
- Suitable for use with UV spectrophotometers, these controls help monitor bilirubin and oxyhaemoglobin levels effectively.
The Randox Xanthochromia Controls are ideally suited for laboratories, both public and private, as well as researchers who perform CSF analysis. Their use is crucial in ensuring the precision of SAH testing, which contributes to more accurate diagnostics and ultimately leads to better patient outcomes.
Considering the crucial role of accurate xanthochromia detection in diagnosing SAH, isn’t it time to review your lab’s capabilities? Explore how Randox Xanthochromia Controls can enhance your diagnostic processes. For more details on how to get these tools in your lab, contact us at marketing@randox.com.
In the fight against conditions like SAH, every second and every test counts. Equip your lab with Randox Xanthochromia Controls to ensure that your diagnostics are as precise and reliable as possible, helping save lives and improve healthcare outcomes.
References
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- Dugas C, Jamal Z, Bollu PC. Xanthochromia. StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Accessed August 5, 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526048/
- Sehba FA, Hou J, Pluta RM, Zhang JH. The importance of early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Prog Neurobiol. 2012;97(1):14-37. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.02.003
- NHS. Subarachnoid haemorrhage. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/subarachnoid-haemorrhage/.
- Chakraborty T, Daneshmand A, Lanzino G, Hocker S. CT-Negative Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in the First Six Hours. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2020;29(12):105300. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105300
Alzheimer’s Disease, ApoE & Risk Detection
Alzheimer’s Disease, ApoE4 & Risk Detection
Alzheimer’s disease touches all of us, whether directly through an affected loved one or through its frequent presence in the news. Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by cognitive decline, memory loss, and functional impairments. It is the most common cause of dementia, affecting millions of individuals worldwide 1 and posing significant challenges to healthcare systems. As the global population ages, the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease is expected to rise, highlighting the urgent need for effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
The current methods used to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease consist of clinical assessment and supporting neuroimaging techniques which can be expensive and, in some cases, fail to provide a definitive diagnosis at the early stages required to facilitate timely intervention and slow disease progression.
With novel therapeutics which aim to slow the progression of Alzheimer’s Disease achieving approval in the United States and being considered for approval in other countries, diagnostics which can identify those at risk of developing this disease are more important than ever. Biomarkers have emerged as vital tools in the early detection and risk assessment of Alzheimer’s disease. Among these, the apolipoprotein E gene (ApoE) has garnered significant attention. The apolipoprotein E protein (ApoE) exists in three common isoforms: ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4. These isoforms combine to form six common genotypes in the general population. Notably, the presence of the ApoE4 allele is associated with a significantly increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.
The Randox ApoE4 Array marks a significant advancement in Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers. This quick and sensitive blood test allows direct ApoE4 genotyping, eliminating the need for traditional molecular techniques. With its fast and accurate results, healthcare providers can efficiently assess an individual’s genetic risk for Alzheimer’s disease.
In this article, we present a summary of our latest whitepaper: Alzheimer’s Disease, ApoE4 & Risk Detection in which we explore the critical role of ApoE genotyping in Alzheimer’s Disease, the innovative technology behind the Randox ApoE4 Array, and its implications for clinical practice. You can download this whitepaper through the link below.
Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer’s Risk
The ApoE gene transcribes a 229 amino acid protein which primarily functions to mediate lipid transport in the brain and periphery. ApoE is also involved in immune modulation, synapse regeneration, and the clearance/degradation of amyloid-β, a peptide crucial to the development of Alzheimer’s disease2.
There are 3 common isoforms of the human ApoE, differentiated through single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at amino acid positions 112 and 1582:
These three isoforms combine to produce six common genotypes: E2/E2, E2/E3, E2/E4, E3/E3, E3/E4, and E4/E4. Each genotype is associated with a different level of risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease, with the ApoE4 and ApoE2 isoforms presenting the highest3 and lowest risk 4 respectively.
The structural differences among ApoE isoforms affect their ability to bind lipids, receptors, and amyloid-β, influencing cognitive decline. ApoE2 and ApoE3 bind effectively to HDL (High density lipoprotein), while ApoE4 binds to VLDL (Very low-density lipoprotein), resulting in poor lipidation and toxic aggregates1,2. Cholesterol is crucial for brain function, supporting membrane integrity, signal transduction, and amyloid-β regulation. The interaction of ApoE with amyloid-β regulates amyloid plaque formation, influencing Alzheimer’s disease onset. Cholesterol must be converted to 24S-hydroxycholesterol to cross the blood-brain barrier. Poor cholesterol and phospholipid transport by ApoE4 increases the risk of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease in E4 carriers2.
Randox ApoE Array
The Randox ApoE4 Array is a rapid and highly sensitive blood test that facilitates direct ApoE4 genotyping without the need for traditional molecular techniques. It measures both total ApoE and ApoE4 protein levels directly from a plasma sample, using the ApoE4/total ApoE ratio to classify the ApoE4 status as negative or positive. Additionally, the array can distinguish between heterozygous and homozygous individuals among ApoE4 positive samples, aiding in the assessment of Alzheimer’s disease risk.
Using Randox proprietary chemiluminescent biochip-sandwich immunoassays, the array provides accurate results within three hours from a minimally invasive plasma sample. This method has shown 100% concordance with genotypes achieved through restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in two separate centres5. Compared to other methods like isoelectric focusing, mass spectrometry, bead-based immunoassay, Sandwich ELISA, and PCR, the Randox ApoE Array offers advantages in speed, simplicity, and automation.
Clinical Implications
The Randox ApoE Array offers significant benefits for managing Alzheimer’s disease through early detection and personalised treatment plans. This minimally invasive blood test identifies individuals at higher genetic risk for Alzheimer’s Disease enabling:
- Timely Interventions: Early identification allows for preventive measures and lifestyle modifications, such as cognitive training and increased physical activity, to delay symptom onset.
- Regular Monitoring: High-risk individuals can be monitored for cognitive changes, enabling early intervention for mild cognitive impairment.
Personalised Treatment Plans
Accurate ApoE genotyping supports personalised treatment:
- Targeted Therapies: ApoE phenotype informs the selection of therapies, especially for ApoE4 carriers.
- Risk Stratification: Patients can be stratified by genetic risk for targeted preventive measures.
- Optimised Medication: Genotype information guides medication choices, enhancing efficacy.
- Family Counselling: Genotyping aids family counselling, advising on preventive measures and monitoring.
Conclusions
The Randox ApoE Array represents a groundbreaking advancement in the early detection and management of Alzheimer’s disease. By providing a rapid, highly sensitive, and minimally invasive method for ApoE genotyping, it empowers healthcare providers to implement timely interventions and personalised treatment plans. This innovative approach not only enhances the accuracy of Alzheimer’s risk assessment but also supports the development of targeted therapies and optimised medication regimens, ultimately improving patient outcomes.
Early detection of Alzheimer’s disease allows for proactive measures that can delay the onset of symptoms, while personalised treatment strategies tailored to an individual’s genetic profile offer a more effective management approach. Furthermore, the array’s capability to provide real-time insights into a patient’s disease stage makes it an invaluable tool in the fight against Alzheimer’s disease.
For a deeper understanding of the critical role of ApoE genotyping in Alzheimer’s disease and the innovative technology behind the Randox ApoE Array, we invite you to download our comprehensive whitepaper be clicking on the image below. You can also visit our website to access this and other valuable resources and to learn more about the Randox ApoE4 Array.
References
- Raulin AC, Doss S V., Trottier ZA, Ikezu TC, Bu G, Liu CC. ApoE in Alzheimer’s disease: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Mol Neurodegener. 2022;17(1):72. doi:10.1186/s13024-022-00574-4
- Husain MA, Laurent B, Plourde M. APOE and Alzheimer’s Disease: From Lipid Transport to Physiopathology and Therapeutics. Front Neurosci. 2021;15. doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.630502
- Qian J, Wolters FJ, Beiser A, et al. APOE-related risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia for prevention trials: An analysis of four cohorts. PLoS Med. 2017;14(3):e1002254. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002254
- Reiman EM, Arboleda-Velasquez JF, Quiroz YT, et al. Exceptionally low likelihood of Alzheimer’s dementia in APOE2 homozygotes from a 5,000-person neuropathological study. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):667. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-14279-8
- Badrnya S, Doherty T, Richardson C, et al. Development of a new biochip array for APOE4 classification from plasma samples using immunoassay-based methods. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM). 2018;56(5):796-802. doi:10.1515/cclm-2017-0618
Active vs Total Vitamin B12
Total vs Active B12
Vitamin B12, or cobalamin, is a vital water-soluble vitamin that plays an essential role in myelination initiation and development, cellular energy and fatty acid metabolism. It is a cofactor for enzymes methionine synthase and L-methyl-malonyl-coenzyme A mutase and, in addition to folate, is essential for DNA and protein synthesis. In the UK, up to 6% of adults under 60 have been diagnosed with Vitamin B12 deficiency and figures are much higher in elderly populations1. Additionally, these data do not consider the high rates of missed diagnosis associated with B12 deficiency, which some reports claim to be as high as 26%2. New guidance from the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) advise that Active vitamin B12 testing is recommended for some groups of patients. In this article, we’ll look at this essential vitamin, B12 deficiency and the associated complications, compare the biomarkers used to diagnose B12 deficiency, and finally, present the new Acusera Active B12 Control.
Aetiology
Vitamin B12 deficiency can arise due to dietary insufficiency, malabsorption resulting from damage to the small intestine, often caused by conditions like Coeliac disease or Crohn’s disease, or via pernicious anaemia – an autoimmune condition which results in an inability to absorb vitamin B12.
It is a common problem in the elderly population – bodily stores of vitamin B12 can take up to 20 years to become depleted, meaning complications have often already begun before diagnosis occurs. The most common source of vitamin B12 comes from dietary intake of animal products therefore vegetarian dietary requirements are considered a considerable risk factor for vitamin B12 deficiency.
Pathophysiology and Complications
Vitamin B12 deficiency significantly impacts health, affecting various bodily functions, potentially leading to a range of complications. Megaloblastic anaemia is a common complication associated with vitamin B12 deficiency and is characterised by the presence of large red blood cell precursors (megaloblasts) in the bone marrow3. The lack of vitamin B12 results in impaired DNA synthesis and an inhibition of nuclear division. However, cytoplasmic maturation is less effected. This results in asynchronous maturation of the nucleus and cytoplasm in erythrocytes and causes the synthesis of abnormally large megaloblasts. This causes the cessation of DNA synthesis and DNA replication errors, culminating in apoptotic cell death. Common symptoms of megaloblastic anaemia include weakness, shortness of breath, palpitations, tachycardia, Hunter glossitis or splenomegaly3.
Pernicious anaemia is a condition commonly associated by vitamin B12 deficiency. Pernicious anaemia is an autoimmune disorder which affects the gastric mucosa resulting in impaired absorption of vitamin B12. Common symptoms of pernicious anaemia include glossitis, hair loss, dry skin, memory loss, poor concentration, poor sleep, confusion and dizziness, shortness of breath, Diarrhoea, indigestion, loss of appetite, mood swings and suicidal thoughts.
Neurological issues may also arise, including numbness, mobility loss, and memory issues, and in some cases, depression4. Additionally, B12 deficiency is linked to increased risks of cardiovascular events5, infertility6, and autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis7 and lupus8. In children, vitamin B12 deficiency can manifest as failure of brain and overall growth and development, developmental regression, hypotonia, lethargy, hyperirritability, or coma9.
Active B12 as a marker of Deficiency
There are several markers of vitamin B12 deficiency. The most used in clinical practice are total vitamin B12, homocysteine, methylmalonic acid (MMA), and Holotranscobalamin (HoloTC) – also known as Active B12. HoloTC accounts for between 10-30% of total B12 and is the metabolically active form of vitamin B12.
When compared with total B12 quantification, HoloTC measurement has been shown to be a more sensitive and specific biomarker of B12 deficiency, particularly at borderline clinical levels10, in various cohorts11,12 including those on vegan diets13 – a known risk factor for B12 deficiency. Furthermore, HoloTC was shown to provide the higher diagnostic accuracy in clinical and subclinical B12 deficiency versus Total B12, MMA and homocysteine with significantly higher accuracy in women over 5011 – a population at high risk of B12 deficiency.
In response to the mounting evidence of the superior utility of HoloTC quantification, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) have produced new guidelines recommending either total B12 or HoloTC for the initial testing of suspected vitamin B12 deficiency. These guidelines specify the use of active B12 during pregnancy and suggest that active B12 might provide a more specific assessment in certain clinical contexts.
Acusera Active B12 Control
For the reasons stated above, Randox are proud to present the Acusera Active Vitamin B12 Control. This control is designed for use with in vitro diagnostic assays for the quantitative determination of HoloTC in human serum and plasma and is suitable for use on a variety of analysers. This true third-party control is provided in a liquid ready-to-use format reducing preparation time and has an impressive 30-day open vial stability, helping to minimise waste. Like all Acusera controls, the Active B12 Control is supplied at consistent, clinically relevant levels to ensure the test system is challenged at the critical decision limits used to aid diagnosis. Furthermore, this control is provided with assayed target values for a range of analysers which are available through our new SmartDocs portal.
Summary of Benefits:
- Dedicated, HoloTC control.
- 30-day Open Stability.
- 2-year shelf life.
- Liquid Ready-to-use.
- Human Serum Based.
- Consistent, clinically significant values.
- True third-party controls.
- Assayed target values.
Ensure the accuracy of your vitamin B12 testing with Randox’s Acusera Active Vitamin B12 Control. Join the other laboratories around the world who trust Acusera to help deliver reliable, clinically relevant test results. Contact us today at marketing@randox.com to learn more and order your supply of the Acusera Active B12 Control.
References
- Hunt A, Harrington D, Robinson S. Vitamin B12 deficiency. BMJ. 2014;349(sep04 1):g5226-g5226. doi:10.1136/bmj.g5226
- Oh RC, Brown DL. Vitamin B 12 Deficiency Clinical Manifestations of Vitamin B 12 Deficiency. Vol 67.; 2003. www.aafp.org/afp
- Hariz A, Bhattacharya PT. Megaloblastic Anemia. StatPerals Publishing; 2024.
- Patel S V., Makwana AB, Gandhi AU, Tarani G, Patel J, Bhavsar V. Factors associated with vitamin B12 deficiency in adults attending tertiary care Hospital in Vadodara: a case control study. Egypt J Intern Med. 2022;34(1):11. doi:10.1186/s43162-022-00104-0
- Pawlak R, Parrott SJ, Raj S, Cullum-Dugan D, Lucus D. How prevalent is vitamin B12 deficiency among vegetarians? Nutr Rev. 2013;71(2):110-117. doi:10.1111/nure.12001
- Green R, Graff JP. Megaloblastic Anemia. In: Atlas of Diagnostic Hematology. Elsevier; 2021:47-51. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-56738-1.00004-X
- Najafi MR, Shaygannajad V, Mirpourian M, Gholamrezaei A. Vitamin B(12) Deficiency and Multiple Sclerosis; Is there Any Association? Int J Prev Med. 2012;3(4):286-289.
- Segal R, Baumoehl Y, Elkayam O, et al. Anemia, serum vitamin B12, and folic acid in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int. 2004;24(1):14-19. doi:10.1007/s00296-003-0323-2
- Stabler SP. Vitamin B12 Deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;368(2):149-160. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1113996
- Bondu JD, Nellickal AJ, Jeyaseelan L, Geethanjali FS. Assessing Diagnostic Accuracy of Serum Holotranscobalamin (Active-B12) in Comparison with Other Markers of Vitamin B12 Deficiency. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 2020;35(3):367-372. doi:10.1007/s12291-019-00835-y
- Jarquin Campos A, Risch L, Nydegger U, et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Holotranscobalamin, Vitamin B12, Methylmalonic Acid, and Homocysteine in Detecting B12 Deficiency in a Large, Mixed Patient Population. Dis Markers. 2020;2020:1-11. doi:10.1155/2020/7468506
- Verma A, Aggarwal S, Garg S, Kaushik S, Chowdhury D. Comparison of Serum Holotranscobalamin with Serum Vitamin B12 in Population Prone to Megaloblastic Anemia and their Correlation with Nerve Conduction Study. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 2023;38(1):42-50. doi:10.1007/s12291-022-01027-x
- Lederer AK, Hannibal L, Hettich M, et al. Vitamin B12 Status Upon Short-Term Intervention with a Vegan Diet—A Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Participants. Nutrients. 2019;11(11):2815. doi:10.3390/nu11112815
Combating Gastroenteritis – Advanced Diagnostic Techniques for Effective Management
Gastroenteritis, often referred to as stomach flu or a stomach bug, affects millions globally each year with symptoms such as diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever. It is primarily caused by viral and bacterial infections, with rotavirus, norovirus, and Clostridium difficile being the main culprits.
At Randox, we’re dedicated to improving healthcare worldwide. That’s why we’ve produced an educational guide on gastroenteritis and the latest advancements in diagnostic techniques, including a range of novel gastroenteritis test for the Vivalytic POCT system. In this blog, we’ll look at a few of the key points raised in our latest educational guide. You can download this educational guide by clicking the below.
Why Gastroenteritis Matters
Gastroenteritis can lead to severe dehydration, especially in vulnerable groups like children and the elderly. It spreads mainly through the faecal-oral route, which includes consuming contaminated food and water. Prompt and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective management.
Key Pathogens
Rotavirus
Rotavirus is a major cause of severe gastroenteritis in children. Highly contagious, it leads to rapid dehydration, making rehydration and supportive care essential. Vaccines like Rotarix and RotaTeq are effective in preventing infections.
Norovirus
Norovirus is responsible for most viral gastroenteritis outbreaks. Extremely contagious, it spreads quickly through direct contact and contaminated food. Symptoms include sudden vomiting and diarrhoea, often leading to dehydration. While there’s no specific treatment, staying hydrated is key.
Clostridium difficile
Clostridium difficile, or C. diff, is a leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, particularly in healthcare settings. It produces toxins that cause inflammation and damage to the colon, requiring targeted antibiotic treatment for severe cases.
Advanced Diagnostics: The Vivalytic System
Accurate and timely detection of gastroenteritis pathogens is crucial for effective patient management. The Vivalytic Point of Care Testing (POCT) system, developed by Bosch Healthcare Solutions and Randox Laboratories, offers rapid and reliable diagnostics. This system helps healthcare professionals make quicker decisions, improving patient outcomes.
The Vivalytic Gastroenteritis Panels
The Vivalytic panels detailed in our guide include tests for rotavirus, norovirus, and Clostridium difficile. These panels utilise advanced molecular techniques to provide quick and accurate results, helping to streamline the diagnosis process and enhance patient care. By using these panels, healthcare providers can efficiently identify the specific pathogens responsible for gastroenteritis, allowing for targeted treatment and improved patient outcomes.
Features of the Vivalytic System
The Vivalytic system is user-friendly and efficient. It supports both High-Plex and Low-Plex testing, allowing for the simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens from a single sample. This versatility makes it an invaluable tool for healthcare professionals.
Conclusion
Gastroenteritis, caused by pathogens like rotavirus, norovirus, and Clostridium difficile, presents significant health challenges. Advanced diagnostic technologies, such as the Vivalytic system, are crucial in managing and controlling this condition. For a comprehensive understanding of gastroenteritis and innovative diagnostic techniques, download our detailed educational guide.
For more information on the Vivalytic, the panels mentioned, or any of our products, don’t hesitate to reach out to us at marketing@randox.com
