Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) Assay
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) Assay
Reagent | Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)
A Genetic Risk Factor for CVD & Alzheimer’s Disease
Benefits of the Randox ApoE Assay
Exception correlation
A correlation coefficient of r=1.00 was displayed when the Randox apoE assay was compared to commercially available methods.
Excellent precision
The Randox apoE assay displayed a precision of <2.79% CV.
Extensive measuring range
The Randox apoE assay has a measuring range of 1.04 – 12.3mg/dl for the comfortable detection of clinically important results.
Liquid ready-to-use
The apoE assay is available in a liquid ready-to-use format for convenience and ease-of-use.
Dedicated calibrator and controls available
Randox offer dedicated apolipoprotein calibrator and controls for a complete testing package.
Applications available
Applications available detailing instrument-specific settings for the convenient use of the Randox apoE assay on a variety of clinical chemistry analysers.
Ordering Information
| Cat No | Size | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP3864 | R1 2 x 11ml (L) R2 2 x 5ml | Enquire | Kit Insert Request | MSDS | Buy Online |
Instrument Specific Applications (ISA’s) are available for a wide range of biochemistry analysers. Contact us to enquire about your specific analyser.
The apolipoproteinE (APOE) gene provides instructions for the production of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) protein. The apoE protein binds with lipid forming lipoproteins which are responsible for the transportation of cholesterol and other lipids through the bloodstream 1.
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a multifunctional glycoprotein with central roles in lipid metabolism, neurobiology, and neurodegenerative diseases. ApoE has three major isoforms (apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4) all of which have different effects on lipid and neuronal homeostasis (fig 1). The key function of apoE is to mediate the binding of lipoproteins or lipid complexes in the plasma or interstitial fluids to specific cell-surface receptors. These receptors internalise apoE-containing lipoprotein particles and so apoE participates in the distribution or redistribution of lipids among various tissues and bodily cells. The e3 allele is the most of the three and may be considered an ancestral allele. The e4 allele is more common in those of Northern European ancestry and lower in those of Asian ancestry 3.
Both apoE2 and apoE4 alleles are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD).
As apoE2 binds defectively to LDL receptors, apoE2 homozygosity can precipitate type III hyperlipoproteinemia, however, only occurs when another condition, including: diabetes, oestrogen deficiency, hypothyroidism, or obesity, leads to the overproduction of VLDL or fewer LDL receptors, overwhelming the limited ability of apoE2 to mediate the clearance of triglyceride-rich and cholesterol-rich β-VLDL. Other dominant and recessive mutations in apoE that affect residues in or around the receptor binding region also causes type III hyperlipoproteinemia 3.
ApoE3 increases LDL levels in plasma and the risk of atherosclerosis. The lipoprotein-binding preference of apoE4 to large (30-80nm), triglyceride-rick VLDL, is associated with elevated levels of LDL. The enrichment of VLDL with apoE4 accelerates their clearance from the plasma by receptor-mediated endocytosis in the liver and consequently, LDL receptors are downregulated, and LDL levels rise 3.
ApoE4 is the major genetic risk factor, or causative gene, for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurological disorders, including poor clinical outcomes following traumatic brain injury, stroke, frontotemporal dementia, Down syndrome, certain patients with Parkinson’s disease, and Lewy body disease 3.
Apo E4 drastically affects AD with 65-80% of all AD patients carrying at least one apoE4 allele. ApoE4 increases the risk of developing AS 4-fold (one allele) and 14-fold (two allele). Carrying one e4 allele is not uncommon with approximately 25% of people worldwide having at least one E4 allele. Fig. 2 illustrates the apoE-mediated pathogenic pathways leading to AD, with amyloid β playing a key role 3.
Related Products
Apolipoprotein Calibrator
Apolipoprotein Control
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References
[1] Huang Y, Mahley RW. Apolipoprotein E: Structure and function in lipid metabolism, neurobiology, and Alzheimer’s diseases. Neurobiology of Disease 2014; 72(Part A): 3-12.
[2] Genetics Home Reference. APOE gene: apolipoprotein E. https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/apoe/ (accessed 9 October 2020).
[3] Mahley RW. Apolipoprotein E: from cardiovascular disease to neurodegenerative disorders. Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin, Germany) 2016; 94: 739-746.
[4] Liao F, Yoon H, Kim J. Apolipoprotein E metabolism and functions in brain and its role in Alzheimer’s disease. Current Opinion in Lipidology 2017; 28(1): 60-67.
IgE Assay
Reagent | Immunoglobulin (IgE)
A Marker of Allergic Diseases
Our Benefits
Exceptional correlation
A correlation coefficient of r=1.00 was displayed when the Randox methodology was compared against commercially available methods.
Excellent precision
The Randox IgE assay displayed a precision < 4.0% CV.
Excellent measuring range
The Randox IgE assay has a measuring range of 25 – 1000 IU/ml for the comfortable detection of clinically important results.
Liquid ready-to-use
The Randox IgE assay is available in a liquid ready-to-use format for convenience and ease-of-use.
Calibrator and controls available
Dedicated IgE calibrator and specific protein controls available for a complete testing package.
Applications available
Applications available detailing instrument-specific settings for the convenient use of the Randox IgE assay on a variety of clinical chemistry analysers.
| Cat No | Size | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IE7308 | R1 1 x 8ml (L) R2 1 x 5ml | Enquire | Kit Insert Request | MSDS | Buy Online |
| IE8152 | R1 1 x 8.7ml (L) R2 1 x 5.7ml | Enquire | Kit Insert Request | MSDS | Buy Online |
| (L) Indicates liquid option | |||||
Instrument Specific Applications (ISA’s) are available for a wide range of biochemistry analysers. Contact us to enquire about your specific analyser.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is one of five classes of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM). IgE was the last immunoglobulin to be discovered. However, since it’s discovery, vast amounts of research have been aimed at characterising its physiological and clinical significance’s. Whilst IgEs chemical structure is unique compared to the rest of the immunoglobulin family (lacks a ‘hinge’ region in the centre of the molecule and gets replaced by the C-epsilon2 domain), it has an array of physiological functions. For immunoglobulin E to fulfil its function, the Fc portion of the antibody must bind to a given cellular receptor located on certain cell types, such as eosinophil or mast cells. Whilst many an array of cellular receptors have been identified, the main ones are Fc-epsilon-RI, Fc-epsilon-II and CD23. Fc-epsilon-RI is the high affinity receptor located on basophils, dendritic cells, eosinophils, mast cells and macrophages and is responsible for immediate hypersensitivity reactions, enhanced cytokine production, parasitic immunity, and antigen presentation 1.
It is believed that immunoglobulin E evolved as a defence mechanism against parasitic infestation. The major sites of parasitic invasion are the gut, respiratory tract and skin, the typical allergic response sites. IgE antibodies play a key role in the early recognition of foreign material or a general potentiation of the immune system response through improved antigen presentation. An allergy triggered by IgE could be beneficial to the host as the typical allergic reactions include: sneezing, coughing, inflammation, bronchoconstriction and vomiting, to expel allergenic proteins from the body. Different allergens stimulate the production of corresponding allergen-specific immunoglobulin E antibodies 2. The antigen-dependent activation of tissue mast cells that have specific immunoglobulin E bound to their surface is the central event in acute allergic reactions. IgE specific allergens include: allergic or atopic asthma, atopic dermatitis (eczema), food allergies such as peanut and shellfish, allergic rhinitis (hay fever), house dust mite, latex allergy, dog or cat allergies 2, 3.
IgE Calibrator
Specific Proteins Controls
Immunoassay EQA
Apolipoprotein C-II (Apo C-II) Assay
Reagent | Apolipoprotein C-II (Apo C-II)
In Association with Hypertriglyceridemia
Benefits of the Randox Apo C-II Assay
Superior method
The immunoturbidimetric method limits interference from Bilirubin, Haemoglobin, Intralipid® and Triglycerides, producing more accurate results.
Exceptional correlation
A correlation coefficient of r=1.00 was displayed when the Randox apo C-II assay was compared to commercially available methods.
Excellent measuring range
The Randox apo C-II assay has a measuring range of 1.48 – 9.70mg/dl for the comfortable detection of clinically important results.
Liquid ready-to-use
The Randox apo C-II assay is available in a liquid ready-to-use format for convenience and ease-of-use.
Dedicated calibrator and controls available
Randox offer dedicated apolipoprotein calibrator and controls for a complete testing package.
Applications available
Applications available detailing instrument-specific settings for the convenient use of the Randox apo C-II assay on a variety of clinical chemistry analysers.
| Cat No | Size | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP3866 | R1 2 x 11ml (L) R2 2 x 5ml | Enquire | Kit Insert Request | MSDS | Buy Online |
Instrument Specific Applications (ISA’s) are available for a wide range of biochemistry analysers. Contact us to enquire about your specific analyser.
Apo C – II is a 79-amino acid protein synthesised in the liver and is the co-factor for lipid transport in the bloodstream 1. Apo C – II is a surface constituent of lipoproteins and the C – terminal helix activates lipoprotein lipase (LPL) 2. The active peptide of apo C – II corresponds to residues 44 – 79 and has been identified to reverse the symptoms of genetic apo C – II deficiency. Moreover, LPL is also a key enzyme in the regulation of triglyceride levels 3.
Both an excess and deficiency of apo C – II is associated with hypertriglyceridemia and reduced LPL activity. Elevated levels of apo C-II is associated with excess triglyceride – rich particles and altercations in the distribution of HDL particles, increasing the risk of CVD 4. Whilst extremely rare, a deficiency in apo C-II results in excess fasting hypertriglyceridemia and chylomicronemia. Hypertriglyceridemia can cause eruptive xanthomas, pancreatitis, hepatosplenomegaly and lipemia retinalis. Biologically and clinically, apo C – II deficiency closely mimics LPL deficiency. Synonyms for apo C-II deficiency include: C – II an apolipoproteinemia and hyperlipoproteinemia type Ib 5.